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last update: 13 July 2018

Eaton J.W. & P. Simpson (1979) Vertical migration of the intertidal dinoflagellate Amphidinium herdmaniae Kofoid & Swezy. In: Naylor E., Hartnell R.G. (eds) Cyclic phenomena in marine plants and animals. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 339-345.
Eaton W.D., D.C. Love, C. Botelho, T.R. Meyers, K. Imamura & T. Koeneman (1991) Preliminary results on the seasonality and life cycle of the parasitic dinoflagellate causing bitter crab disease in Alaskan Tanner crabs. - Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 57: 426-434.

Edwardsen B., K. Shalchian-Tabrizi, K.S. Jakobsen, L.K. Medlin, E. Dahl, S. Brubak & E. Paasche (2003) Genetic variability and molecular phylogeny of Dinophysis species (Dinophyceae) from norwegian waters infered from single cell analyses of r.DNA. - Journal of Phycology 39(2): 395-408.

Efimova K.V., T.Y. Orlova & V.A. Brykov (2014) Phylogenetic characterization of cryptic species of the marine dinoflagellate, Ostreopsis sp. Shmidt, 1902, from Russian coastal waters, the Sea of Japan. - Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences 5(4): 317-332. 

Ehrenberg C.G. (1832) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Organisation der Infusorien und ihrer geographischer Verbreitung, besonders in Sibirien. - Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Aus dem Jahre 1830. Physikalische Abhandlungen 1830: 1-88, Pls 1-8. 
Ehrenberg C.G. (1834) Dritter Beitrag zur Erkenntnis grosser Organisation in der Richtung des kleinsten Raumes. - Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Aus dem Jahre 1833: 145-336, Pl. 1-11.
Ehrenberg C.G. (1835) Das Leuchten des Meeres. Neue Beobachtungen nebst Übersicht der Hauptmomente der geschichtlichen Entwicklung dieses merkwürdigen Phänomens. - Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin aus dem Jahre 1834: 530-576, Pl. 1-2.
Ehrenberg C.G. (1836) Zusätze zur Erkenntnis grosser organischer Ausbildungen in den kleinsten thierischen Organismen. - Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin aus dem Jahre 1835: 151-180, Pl. 1.
Ehrenberg C.G. (1838) Die Infusionsthierchen als vollkommene Organismen. – Voß, Leipzig, pp. 547, Pl. 1-64.
Ehrenberg C.G. (1839) Über jetzt wirklich noch zahlreich lebende Thier-Arten der Kreideformation der Erde. - Ber. Bekanntm. Verh. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1839: 152-159.
Ehrenberg C.G. (1841) 274 Blätter von ihm selbst ausgeführter Zeichnungen von eben sovielen Arten. - Berichte über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1840: 197-219.
Ehrenberg C.G. (1843) Über die Verbreitung des jetzt wirkenden kleinsten organischen Lebens in Asien, Australien und Afrika und über die vorherrschende Bildung des Oolithkalkes der Juraformation aus kleinen polythalamischen Thieren. - Ber. Bekanntm. Verh. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1843: 100-106.
Ehrenberg C.G. (1860a) Über das Leuchten und über neue mikroskopische Leuchtthiere des Mittelmeeres. - Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1859: 727-738.
Ehrenberg C.G. (1860b) Nachtrag zu Hrn. Ehrenbergs Mittheilung vom 8. Decbr. 1859. Verzeichnis der Leuchtthierchen. - Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1859: 791-793.
Ehrenberg C.G. (1873) Die das Funbkeln und Aufblitzen des Mittelmeeres bewirkenden unsichtbar kleinen Lebensformen. - Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, Festschrift zur Feier des Hundertjährigen Bestehens, 1-4.

Egerton T.A. & H.G. Marshall (2006) Feeding preference and grazing rates of Pfiesteria piscicida and a cryptoperidinopsoid preying on fish blood cells and algal prey. – Harmful Algae 5(2): 419-426.

Eker E. & A.E. Kidey (2000) Weekly variations in phytoplankton structure of a harbour in Mersin Bay (northeastern Mediterranean). – Turk. J. Botany 24: 13-24.

Eker-Develi E. & V. Velikova (2009) New record of a dinoflagellate species, Lessardia elongata in the Baltic Sea. - Marine Biodiversity Records 2: e104.

Elbrächter M. (1973) Population dynamics of Ceratium in coastal waters of the Kiel Bay. - Oikos (Supplement) 15: 43-48.
Elbrächter M. (1979) On the taxonomy of unarmoured dinophytes (Dinophyta) from the Northwest African upwelling region. - "METEOR" Forschungs- Ergebnisse, Reihe D 30: 1-22.
Elbrächter M. (1984) Functional types of marine plankonic primary producers and their relative significance in the food web. – In: Fasham M.J.R. (Ed) Flows of energy and materials in marine ecosystems. - Plenum Publ. Corp. pp. 191-221.
Elbrächter M. (1988) Life cycle of Schizochytriodinium calani nov. gen. nov. spec., a dinoflagellate parasitizing copepod eggs. – Helgoländer wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 42: 593-599.
Elbrächter M. (1989) Feeding biology of dinophytes. – Berichte zur Polarforschung 56: 73.
Elbrächter M. (1990) Algenmassenvermehrungen und toxische Effekte. - In: Warnsignale aus der Nordsee. J.L. Lozan, W. Lenz, E. Rachor, H. v. Westernahegen & B.T. Watermann (Eds) - Paul Parey Hamburg, Berlin, pp. 111-119.
Elbrächter M. (1990) Phytoplankton toxin production. - In: Eutrophication-related phenomena in the Adriatic Sea and in other Mediterraneran coastal zones. H. Barth & L. Fegan (Eds) - Water Pollution Research Reports 16: 213-223.
Elbrächter M. (1990) Dinoflagellate feeding strategies. - J. Protozool. 37: 60a.
Elbrächter M. (1991) Food uptake mechanisms in phagotrophic dinoflagellates and classification: a discussion. - In: The biology of free-living heterotrophic flagellates. D.J. Patterson & J. Larsen (Eds). - The Systematics Association Special Volume 45: 303-312.
Elbrächter M. (1991) Faeces production by dinoflagellates and other small flagellates. – Marine Microbial Food Webs 5: 189-204.
Elbrächter M. (1993) Kolkwitziella Lindemann 1919 and Preperidinium Mangin 1913: correct genera names in the Diplopsalis-group (Dinophyceae). - Nova Hedwigia 56: 173-178.
Elbrächter M. (2003) Dinophyte reproduction: progress and conflicts. – Journal of Phycology 39(4): 629-632.
Elbrächter M. & G. Drebes (1978) Life cycles, phylogeny and taxonomy of Dissodinium and Pyrocystis (Dinophyta). - Helgoländer wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 31: 347-366.
Elbrächter M., M. Gottschling, T. Hildebrand-Habel, H. Keupp, R. Kohring, J. Lewis, K.J.S. Meier, M. Montresor, M. Streng, G.J.M. Versteegh, H. Willems & K. Zonneveld (2008) Establishing an agenda for calcareous dinoflagellate research (Thoracosphaeraceae, Dinophyceae) including a nomenclatural synopsis of generic names. - Taxon 57(4): 1289-1303.
Elbrächter M., C. Hemleben & M. Spindler (1987) On the taxonomy of lunate Pyrocystis species (Dinophyta). - Botanica Marina 30: 233-241.
Elbrächter M. & Z. Qi (1998) Aspects of Noctiluca (Dinophyceae) population dynamics. - In : Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms (D.M. Anderson, A.D. Cembella & G.M. Hallegraeff Eds) - Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 315-335.
Elbrächter M. & E. Schnepf (1996) Gymnodinium chlorophorum, a new, green, bloom-forming dinoflagellate (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) with a vestigial prasinophyte endosymbiont. - Phycologia 35(5): 381-393.
Elbrächter M. & E. Schnepf (1998) Parasites of Harmful Algae. - In: Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms (D.M. Anderson, A.D. Cembella & G.M. Hallegraeff Eds) - Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 351-369.
Elbrächter M., E. Schnepf & I. Balzer (1996) Hemistasia phaeocysticola (Scherffel) comb. nov., redescription of a free-living, marine, phagotrophic kinetoplastid flagellate. – Archiv für Protistenkunde 147: 125-136.
Elbrächter M. & M. Zöllfel (1993) Taxonomy and ecology of heterotrophic ice-flagellates. - Ber. Polarforsch. 121: 26-29.

Elbrächter M., M. Hoppenrath, R. Jahn & W.-H. Kusber (2018) Stability of the generic names Alexandrium Halim and Gessnerium Halim at risk because of Peridinium splendor-maris Ehrenberg, the first documented bloom of Alexandrium (Dinophyceae). - Notulae algarum No. 60: 1-6

Ellegaard M. (2000) Variations in dinoflagellate cyst morphology under conditions of changing salinity during the last 2000 years in the Limfjord, Denmark. – Review of Palaeontobotany and Palynology 109: 65-81.
Ellegaard M., N.F. Christensen & Ø. Moestrup (1993) Temperature and salinity effects on growth of a non-chain-forming strain of Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) established from a cyst from recent sediments in The Sound (Øresund), Denmark. – Journal of Phycology 29(4): 418-426.
Ellegaard M., B. Dale & A. Amorim (2002) The acritarchous resting cyst of the thecate dinoflagellate Warnowia cf. rosea (Dinophyceae). - Phycologia 40(6): 542-546.
Ellegaard M., N. Daugbjerg, A. Rochon, J. Lewis & I. Harding (2003) Morphological and LSU rDNA sequence variation within the Gonyaulax spinifera-Spiniferites group (Dinophyceae) and proposal of G. elongata comb. nov. and G. membranancea comb. nov.. - Phycologia 42(2): 151-164.
Ellegaard M., J. Lewis & I. Harding (2002) Cyst-theca relationship, life cycle, and effects of temperature and salinity on the cyst morphology of Gonyaulax baltica sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) from the Baltic Sea. - Journal of Phycology 38(4): 776-782.
Ellegaard M. & Ø. Moestrup (1999) Fine structure of the flagellar apparatus and morphological details of Gymnodinium nolleri sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), an unarmored dinoflagellate producing a microreticulate cyst. - Phycologia 38(4): 289-300.

El-Maghraby A.M. & Y. Halim (1965) A quantitative and qualitative study of phytoplankton of Alexandria waters. – Hydrobiologia 25: 221-238.

El-Nabawi A., M. Quesenberry, K. Saito, E. Silbergeld, G. Vasta & A. Eldefrawi (2000) The N-methyl-D-aspartate neurotransmitter receptor is a mammalian brain target for the dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida toxin. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 169(1): 84-93.

Emura A., Y. Matsuyama & T. Oda (2004) Evidence for the production of a novel proteinaceus hemolytic exotoxin by Alexandrium taylori. – Harmful Algae 3(1): 29-37.

Entz G. (1926) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Peridineen. I. Zur Morphologie und Biologie von Peridinium borgei Lemmermann. Archiv für Protistenkunde 56: 397-416.
Entz G. (1930) Über gehemmte Lebens- und Absterbeerscheinungen einiger Dinoflagellaten. - Arbeiten der I. Abteilung des Ungarischen Biologischen Forschungsinstitutes 3: 206-243.

Eppley R.W. & W.G. Harrison (1975) Physiological ecology of Gonyaulax polyedra. A red water dinoflagellate of southern California. In: LoCicero V.R. (Ed) Proceedings of the First International Conference on Toxic Dinoflagellate Blooms. Massachusetts Science Technology Foundation, Wakefield pp.

Eriksen N.T., K.C. Hayes & A.J. Lewitus (2002) Growth responses of the mixotrophic dinoflagellates, Cryptoperidiniopsis sp. and Pfiesteria piscicida, to light under prey-saturated conditions. - Harmful Algae 1(2): 191-203.

Esaias W.E., H.C. Curl jr. & H.H. Seliger (1974) Action spectrum for a low intensity, rapid photoinhibition of mechanically stimulable bioluminescence in the marine dinoflagellates Gonyaulax catenella, G. acatenella, and G. tamarensis. - J. Cell. Physiol. 82: 363-372.

Escalera L. & B. Reguera (2008) Planozygote division and other observations on the sexual cycle of several species of Dinophysis (Dinophyceae, Dinophysiales). - Journal of Phycology 44(6): 1425-1436.
Escalera L., B. Reguera, K. Takishita, S. Yoshimatsu, K. Koike & K. Koike (2011) Cyanobacterial endosymbionts in the benthic dinoflagellate Sinophysis canaliculata (Dinophysiales, Dinophyceae). - Protist 162(2): 304-314.
Escalera L., G. Benvenuto, E. Scalco, A. Zingone & M. Montresor (2014) Ultrastructural features of the benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata (Dinophyceae). - Protist 165(3): 260-274. 
Escalera L., A. Italiano, R. Pistocchi, M. Montresor & A. Zingone (2018) Gonyaulax hyalina and Gonyaulax fragilis (Dinoflagellata), two names associated with 'mare sporco', indicate the same species. - Phycologia 57(4): 453-464.

Eschbach S., V. Speth, P. Hansmann & P. Sitte (1990) Freeze-fracture study of the single membrane between host cell and endocytobiont in the dinoflagellates Glenodinium foliaceum and Peridinium balticum. – Journal of Phycology 26(2): 324-328.

Escobar-Morales S. & D.U. Hernández-Becerril (2015) Free-living marine planktonic unarmoured dinoflagellates from the Gulf of Mexico and the Mexican Pacific. - Botanica Marina 58(1): 9-22.

Esper O., G.J.M. Versteegh, K.A.F. Zonneveld & H. Willems (2004) A palynological reconstruction of the Agulhas Retroflection (South Atlantic Ocean) during the Late Quarternary. – Global and Planetary Change 41: 31-62.

Esqueda-Lara K., D. Parra-Toriz & D.U. Hernández-Becerril (2013) Morphology and taxonomy of Dinophysis species of the section Hastata (Dinoflagellata), including the description of Dinophysis conjuncta sp. nov., from the Mexican marine waters. - Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 93(5): 1187-1202.
Esqueda-Lara K. & D.U. Hernández-Becerril (2017) Two new species of the dinoflagellate genus Phalacroma Stein (Dinophyceae) from the tropical Mexican Pacific. - Nova Hedwigia ??: ??-??. DOI: 10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2017/0411 

Evans C. & W.H. Wilson (2008) Preferential grazing of Oxyrrhis marina on virus infected Emiliania huxleyi. - Limnology and Oceanography 53(5): 2035-2040.

Evens T.J. & R.P. Niedz (2010) Quantification of nutrient-replete growth rates in five-ion hyperspace for Chlorella vulgaris (Trebouxiophyceae) and Peridinium cinctum (Dinophyceae). - European Journal of Phycology 45(3): 247-257.

Evstigneev P.V., E.P. Bityukov & Y.B. Okolodkov (1993) Species composition and bioluminescence features of marine dinoflagellates. - Botanical Journal, Russian Academy of Science 78(6): 1-15.  [in Russian]